img1
Environment
Conservation Journal

"An International Journal Devoted to Conservation of Environment"

(A PEER REVIEWED/REFEREED JOURNAL)

ISSN: 2278-5124 (Online) :: ISSN: 0972-3099 (Print)

img2
Environment
Conservation Journal

"An International Journal Devoted to Conservation of Environment"

(A PEER REVIEWED/REFEREED JOURNAL)

ISSN: 2278-5124 (Online) :: ISSN: 0972-3099 (Print)

img3
Environment
Conservation Journal

"An International Journal Devoted to Conservation of Environment"

(A PEER REVIEWED/REFEREED JOURNAL)

ISSN: 2278-5124 (Online) :: ISSN: 0972-3099 (Print)

img4
Environment
Conservation Journal

"An International Journal Devoted to Conservation of Environment"

(A PEER REVIEWED/REFEREED JOURNAL)

ISSN: 2278-5124 (Online) :: ISSN: 0972-3099 (Print)

img5
Environment
Conservation Journal

"An International Journal Devoted to Conservation of Environment"

(A PEER REVIEWED/REFEREED JOURNAL)

ISSN: 2278-5124 (Online) :: ISSN: 0972-3099 (Print)

previous arrow
next arrow

A review on antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of traditionally used Himalayan medicinal plants

Prashant Arya  and J.P. Mehta

Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar (Garhwal)

Abstract

Plant drug Rasayana has always played an essential role to treat several diseases of human beings. Moreover, medicinal plants are the prime source of potentially useful structures for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents. Historically, plants have provided a basis of the development for novel drugs and plant derived drugs which have made large contributions to human health and well being. Till now few plants have been scientifically proved by different researchers for their medicinal potential but the therapeutic ability of number of plants are still unknown. The regeneration of medicinal potential of such plants is thus strongly required. Several researchers have carried out bioassay for antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical screening of various extracts of certain plants. Such works should be brought in the knowledge of every concern man. Present study is therefore an attempt for review on some of such medicinal plants.

Medicinal plants, Herbs, Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Phytochemical

Agarry, O. O., Olaleye, M. T. and Bello, M., 2005. Comparative antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera gel and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(12):1413−1414.

Ahmad, S. S. and Husain, S. Z., 2008. Ethno medicinal survey of plants from salt range (Kallar Kahar) of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(3):1005−1011.

Ahmed, F. and Urooj, A., 2009. Glucose-lowering, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic activities of stem bark of Ficus racemosa in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of Young Pharmaceutical, 1(2):160−164.

Ali, S. S., Kasoju, N., Luthra, A., Singh, H., Sharanabasava, A., Sahuand and Bora, U., 2008.  Indian medicinal herbs as source of antioxidants. Food Research International 41:1–15.

Alma, M. H., Mavi, A., Yildirim, A., Digrak, M. and Hirata, T., 2003. Screening chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oilsfrom Origanum syriacum L. growing in Turkey. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26:1725–1729.

Alvarez, M. A., Debattista, N. B. and Pappano. N. B., 2008.Antimicrobial activity and synergism of some substituted flavonoids.Folia of Microbiology, 53:23–28.

Ameälia, Ana P., Almeida, Adriana F. D., Silva, A. M., Elziäria, A. Nunan.  and M. Beatriz A. Gloaria., 2006. Antibacterial Activity of Coffee Extracts and Selected Coffee Chemical Compounds against Enterobacteria. American chemical society Journal of Agriculture and food chemistry, 10:10−21.

Anwar, F., Hussain, A. I., Sherazi, S. T. H. and Bhanger, M. I., 2009. Changes in composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculumvulgare Mill.) fruit at different stages of maturity. Journal of Herbs Spices Med Plants, 15:1−16.

Anwar, F., Jamil, A., Iqbal, S. and Sheikh, M. A., 2006. Antioxidant activity of various plant extracts under ambient and accelerated storage of sunflower oil. Grasas Aceites Sevilla,57:189−197.

Arulkumaran, S., Ramprasath, V., Shanthhi, P. and Sachdanandam, P., 2007. Alteration of DMBA-induced oxidative stress by additive action of a modified indigenous preparation-Kalpaamruthaa. Chemical-Biology Interaction, 167:99−106.

Ashraful, A. M., Habib, M. R. and Farjana, N.,2008. Antimicrobial Activity of Akanda (Calotropis gigantea L.) on Some Pathogenic Bacteria. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 43(3):397−404.

Ateb, D. A. and Erdo, U. O. T., 2003. Antimicrobial activities of various medicinal and commercial plant extracts. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27:157−162.

Atindehou, K. K., Kone, M., Terreaux, C., Traore, D., Hostettmann, K. and Dosso, M., 2002. Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants from the Ivory Coast. Phytotherapy Research, 16:497–502.

Bailey, J. A. and Manspeld, J. W., 1982. Phytoalexins. Blackie, Glasgow.

Balandrin, M. F., Holke, J. K., Wurtele, E. S. and Bollinger, W. H., 1985. National plant chemicals. Source of industrial and Medicinal material Science, 228:1154−1160.

Bayramoglu, B., Sahin, S. and Sumnu, G., 2008. Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from oregano. Journal of Food Engineering, 88:535−540.

Bhawna, S. and Kumar, S. U., 2009.  Hepatoprotective activity of some indigenous plantsInternational Journal of Pharma Technology Research, 4:1330–1334.

Burapadaja, S. and Bunchoo, A., 1995. Antimicrobial activity of tannins from Terminalia citrina. Planta Medical, 61(4):365−366.

Chakraborty, D., Mandal, S. M., Chakraborty, J., Bhattacharyaa, P. K., Bandyopadhyay, A., Mitra, A. and Gupta, K., 2007. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Basilicum polystachyon (L) Moench. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology,  45:744−748.

Chitravadivu, C., Manian, S. and Kalaichelvi, K., 2009. Antimicrobial studies on selected medicinal plants, Erode region, Tamilnadu, India. Middle-East. Journal of Science Research,  4(3):147−152.

Chung, K. T., Wong, T. Y., Huang, Y. W. and Lin, Y., 1998. Tannins and human health: a review. Critical Review of Food Science and Nutrition, 38:421–464.

Cock, I. E., 2008. Antibacterial Activity of Selected Australian Native Plant Extracts, Internet Journal of Microbiology, 4:02−05.

Cowan, M. M., 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Review, 12(4):564–582.

Cushnie, T. P. and Lamb, A. J., 2005. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 26:343–356

Diallo, D., Hveem, B., Mahmoud, M. A., Betge, G., Paulsen, B. S. and Maiga, A., 1999. An ethanobotanical survey of herbal drugs of Gourma district. Mali Pharmaceutical Biology, 37:80–91.

Dixon, Richard A., 2001. Natural products and plant disease resistance. Nature 411: 843−847.

Duarte, M. C., Figueira, G. M., Sartoratto, A., Rehder, V. L. and Delarmelina, C., 2005. Anti Candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants.Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97:305–311.

Ekramul, I. M., Naznin, K. A. and Ekramul, H. M., 2002. In vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts and glycoside from Sida rhombilfolia Linn. Journal of Medical Science, 2(3):134−136.

Eloff, J. N., 2004. Quatification of the bioactivity of plant extracts during screening and bioassay guided fractionation. Journal of Phytomedicine, 11:370−371.

El-Seedi, H. R., Sata, N., Torssell, K. B. and Nishiyama, S., 2002. New labdene diterpenes from  Eupatorium glutinosum. Journal of Natural Products,65:728–729.

Erdemgil, F., Telejenetskaya, M., Baser, K. and Kirimer, N., 2004. “Alkaloids of Thalictrum orientale Growing in Turkey. Chemistry of Natural Compounds,36:223–224.

Erdemoglu, N., Turan, N. N., Cakici, I., Sener, B. and Aydin, A., 2006. Antioxidant activities of some Lamiaceae plant extracts. Phytotherapy Research, 20:9−13.

Faleiro, M. F., Miguel, M. G., Venancio, F., Taveares, R., Brito, G. T., Figueiredo, A. C. and Pedro, L. G., 2003. Antibacterial activity of the essential oils from Portugues endemic spices of thymus. Letter in applied Microbiology, 36−40.

Fernandez, M. A., Garcia, M. D. and Saenz, M. T., 1996. Antibacterial activity of phenolic acid fraction of Scrophularia frutescensand Scrophularia sambucifolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacologie, 53(1):11−14.

Ferrazzano, G. F., Amato, I., Ingenito, A., De, Natale A. and Pollio, A., 2009. Anti-cariogenic effects of polyphenols from plant stimulant beverages (cocoa, coffee, tea). Fitoterapia, 80:255–262.

Funatogawa, K., Hayashi, S., Shimomura, H., Yoshida, T., Hatano, T., Ito, H. and Iria, Y., 2004. Antibacterial activity of hydrolysable tannins derived from medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. Microbiolal Immunology, 48 (4):251−261.

Gautam, S. S., Navneet and Kumar, S., 2012. The Antibacterial and Phytochemical Aspects of Viola odorata Linn. Against Respiratory Tract Pathogens. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, India Section B, Biological Sciences, 82:567−572.

Gautam, S. S., Navneet and Kumar, S., 2013. Assessment of Antibacterial and Phyto chemical analysis of Lagenaria vulgarisSer. against Respiratory Tract Pathogens.Indian Journal of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research,1(1):23−26.

Gautam, S. S., Navneet and Kumar, S., 2015. Appraisal of antimicrobial properties of Onosma bracteatum Wall. fruit extracts against respiratory tract pathogens. Journal of Medicinal Herbs and Ethnomedicine, 1:108−112.

Gerhartz, W., Yamamota, Y. S., Campbell, F. T., Pfefferkorn, R. and Rounsaville, J. F., 1985. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial.

Grayer, R. J. and Harborne, J. B., 1994. A survey of antifungal compounds from higher plants 19821993. Phytochemistry, 37:19−42.

Grover, J. K., Yadav, S. and Vats, V., 2002. Medicinal plants of India with hypoglycemic potentials. Journal of  Ethnopharmacology, 81:81–100.

Guo, Y. Z., Fan, Y. M., Xiao, Y. H., Yun, L. Z., Gen, C. W. and Gui, Li. Xu., 2008. Antibacterial Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus Linn (Papaveraceae) against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Pharma and Pharmaceutical Science, 11(4):90−94.

Hamid, N., Bukhari, N. and Jawaid, F., 2010. Physiological responses of phaseolus vulgaris to different lead concentrations. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(1):239−246.

Harrison, D., Griendling, K. K., Landmesser, U., Homig, B. and Drexler, H., 2003. Role of oxidative 738 stress in atherosclerosis. American Journal of Cardiology,91:7A−11A.

Hasson, S. S., Balushi, M. S., Sallam, T. A., Idris, M. A., Habbal, O. and Jabri, A. A., 2011. In vitro antibacterial activity of three medicinal plants-Boswellia (Luban) species. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,S178−S182.

Hema, T. A., Arya, A. S., Suseelan, S., John, Celestinal R. K. and Divya, P. V., 2013.Antimicrobial Activity of Five South Indian Medicinal Plants Against Clinical Pathogens.International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4(1):70–80.

Hirasawa, M. and Takada, K., 2004. Multiple effects of green tea catechin on the antifungal activity of antimycotics against Candida albicans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53:225−229.

Ibrahim, M. M., 2006.  Energy allocation patterns in B. alexandrina snails in response to cadmium exposure and S. mansoni infection.Experimental parasitology, 122:31−36.

Imelouane, B., Amhamdi, H., Wathelet, J. P., Ankit, M., Khedid, K. and Bachiri, A., 2009. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 11:205–208.

Indu, M. N., Hatha, A. A., Abirosh, M. C., Harsha, U. and Vivekanandan, U., 2006. Antimicrobial Activity of Some of the South-Indian Spices Against Serotypes of Eescherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 37:153−158.

Janovska, D., Kubikova, K. and Kokoska, L., 2003. Screening for antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants species of traditional Chinese medicine. Czech Journal of Food Science,21(2):107–110.

Jeevan Ram, A., Bhakshu, L. M. and Venkata, Raju R. R., 2004. In vitro antimicrobial activity of certain medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats, India, used for skin diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,90:353–357.

Jiangrong, Li. and Yueming, J., 2007. Litchi Flavonoids: Isolation, Identification and Biological Activity. Molecules,12:745−758.

Kalimuthu, K., Vijayakumar, S. and Senthil, K. R., 2010. Antimicrobial activity of the biodiesel plant, Jatropha curcas. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences,1:01−05.

Karaman, M., Jovin, E., Malbasa, R., Matavuly, M. and Popovic, M., 2003. Medicinal and Edible Lignicolous Fungi as Natural Sources of Antioxidative and Antibacterial agents. Phytotherapy Research, 24(10):1473−1481.

Karou, D., Aly, S., Antonella, C., Saydou, Y., Carla, M., Jacques, S., Vittorio, C. and Alfred, S. T., 2006. Antibacterial activity of alkaloids from Sida acuta.African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(2):195−200.

Katerere, D. R., Gray, A. I., Nash, R. J. and Waigh, R. D., 2003. Antimicrobial activity of pentacyclic  triterpenes  isolated  from African Combretaceae. Phytochemistry, 63:81−88.

Khan, A., Safdar, M., Ali Khan, M. M., Khattak, K. N. and Anderson, R. A., 2003. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26:3215–3218.

Khan, R., Islam, B. and Akram, M., 2009 Antimicrobial Activity of Five Herbal Extracts Against Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Strains of Bacteria and Fungus of Clinical Origin. Molecules, 14:586−597.

Klausmeyer, P., Chmurny, G. N., McCloud, T. G., Tucker, K. D. and Shoe-maker, R. H.,2004. A novel antimicrobial indolizinium alkaloid from Aniba panurensis. Journal of Natural Products, 67:1732−1735.

Kokoska, L., Polesny, Z., Rada, V., Nepovim, A. and Vanek, T., 2002. Screening of some Siberian medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,82:51–53.

Kroschwitz, J. I. and Howetgrant, M. K., 1992. Encyclopedia of chemical technology, 2:893.

Kubo, K., Kanehisa, H. and Fukunaga, T., 2001. Is passive stiffness related to the elasticity of tendon structures?. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85:226–232.

Lee, T. H., Qiu, F., Walle, G. R. and Chou, C. H., 2000. Three new flavanol galloyglycosides from leaves of Acacia confuse. Journal of Natural Product, 10:125−130.

Li, M. and Xu, Z., 2008. Quercetin in a lotus leaves extract may be responsible for antibacterial activity. Archeological Pharmaceutical Research, 31:640–644.

Lin. F., Hasegawa, M. and Kodama, O., 2003. Purification and identification of antimicrobial sesquiterpene lactones from yacon (Smallanthussonchifolius) leaves. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 67:2154–2159.

Lopez, A., Hudson, J. B. and Towers, G. H., 2001. Antiviral and antimicrobial Shibata, activities of Colombian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,77:189−196.

Machado, T. B., Pinto, A. V., Pinto, M. C., Leal, I. C., Silva, M. G., Amaral, A. C., Kuster, R. and Netto-dos Santos, K. R., 2003. In vitro activity of Brazilian medicinal plants, naturally occurring naphthoquinones and their analogues, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 21:279–284.

Mahasneh, A. M., 2002. Screening of some indigenous Qatari medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity. Phytotherapy Research,16:751–753.

Mahesh, B. and Satish, S., 2008. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Important Medicinal Plant Against Plant and Human Pathogens. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4 (S):839−843.

Mandal, P., Babu, S. S. P. and Mandal, N. C., 2005. Antimicrobial activity of saponins from Acacia auriculiformis. Fitoterapia. 76(5):462−465.

Marina, Z., Mariana, P., Aline, A. B., Thiele, F., Luana, R., Sydney, H. A., Tanise, V. D., Marli, M. A., De, C. and Margareth, L. A., 2013.  In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Antimycobacterial Activities of Solanum guaraniticum A. St.-Hil. Leaves. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3:(09)19−23.

Mason, T. L. and Wasserman, B. P., 1987. Inactivation of red beet beta-glucan synthase by native and oxidized phenolic compounds. Phytochemistry, 26:2197−2202.

Mathabe, M. C., Nikolova, R. V., Lall, N. and Nyazema, N. Z., 2006. Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Limpopo province. S. African Journal of Ethnopharmocology, 105:286−293.

McGaw, L. J., Van der Merwe, D. and Eloff, J. N., 2007. In vitro anthelmintic, antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of extracts from plants used in South African ethnoveterinary medicine. Veterinary Journal, 173:366−372.

McGraw, L. J. and Eloff, J. N., 2008. Ethno veterinary use of Southern African plants and scientific evaluation of their medicinal properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119:559−574.

Meshram, A., Ajai, K. and Nidhi, S., 2015. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of alkaloids isolated from Epipremnum aureum (Linden and Andre) Bunting. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 6(2):337−342.

Miller, K. B., Stuart, D. A., Smith, N. L., Lee, C. Y., McHale, N. L., Flanagan, J. A. and Hurst, W. J., 2006. Antioxidant activity and polyphenol and procyanidin contents of selected commercially available cocoa-containing and chocolate products in the United States. Journal of Agric Food Chemical, 31(11):4062−4068.

Mojab, F., Poursaeed, H., Mehrgan and Pakdaman, S., 2008. Antibacterial activity of Thymus daenensis methanolic extract. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21: 210–213.

Mokbel, M. S. and Fumio, H., 2005. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Banana (Musa, AAA cv. Cavendish) Fruits Peel. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1(3):125−131.

Morales, M. A., Frederick, A., Erick, C., Rafael, B., Philippe, C., Viviana, B. and Orlando, M., 2013. Inhibition of Cholinergic Contractions of Rat Ileum by Tropane-Type Alkaloids Present in Schizanthus hookeri.Journal of Nature Research, 68:203–209.

Nagesh, K. S. and Shanthamma, C., 2009. Antibacterial activity of Curculigo orchioides rhizome extract on pathogenic bacteria. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(1):05–09.

 Nascimento, G. G. F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P. C. and Silva, G. L., 2000. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Brazil Journal of Microbiology, 31:247−256.

Ngwendson, J. N., Bedir, E., Efange, S. M., Okunji, C. O., Iwu, M. M. and Schuster, B. G., 2003. Constituents of Peucedanum zenkeri seeds and their antimicrobial effects. Pharmamazine, 58:587–589.

Nickavar, B., Amin, G. and Ghavamian, P.,2002. Antimicrobial activity of Pulicaria dysenterica L. Iran Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,1:31–32.

Nkuo-Akenji, T., Ndip, R., McThomas, A. and Fru, E. C., 2001. Anti- Salmonella activity of medicinal plants from Cameroon. Central Africa Journal of Medicine, 47:155–158.

Noriaki, K.,Yukari, I., Kazuya, M. K. and Tokio, F., 2005. In vitro antibacterial, antimutagenic and anti-Influenza virus activity of caffeic acid phenyl ethyl esters. Biocontinuous Science, 10:155−161.

Okusa, P. N., Penge, O., Deuleeschouwer, M. and Dvez, P., 2007. Direct and indirect antimicrobial effect and antioxidant activity of Cardiagilldii. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 112:476–481.

Osbourn, E. Anne., 1996. Preformed Antimicrobial Compounds and Plant Defense against Fungal Attack. American Society of Plant PhysiologistsThe Plant Cell, 8:1821−1831.

Oshima, Y., 1995. Postcolumn derivatization liquid chromatography method for paralytic shellfish toxins. Journal of Association Of Anal Chemical International, 78:528−532.

Otshudi, A. L., Foriers, A., Vercruysse,  A., Van Zeebroeck, A. and Lauwers, S., 2000. In vitro antimicrobial activity of six medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).Phytomedicine, 7:167–172.

Parekh, J. and Sumitra, C.,2006. Antibacterial and phytochemical studies on twelve species of Indian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 10:175–181.

Pelttari, E., Jorma, M. and Hannu, Elo., 2002. Antimicrobial Activity of the Marine Alkaloids Haminol and Pulo’upone and Related Compounds. Journal of Nature Research, 57:548−552.

Pereira, J. A., Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valentao, P., Andrade, P. B. and Ferreira, I. C. F. R., 2007. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: Phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45:2287–2295.

Purkayastha, S. and Dahiya, P., 2012. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial efficacy of babchi oil (Psoralea corylifolia) against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates. International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 3(1):64−68.

Raghavendra, M. P., Satish, S. and Raveesha, K. A., 2008. In vitro antibacterial potential of alkaloids of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. against Xanthomonas and human pathogenic bacteria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4:100−105.

Recio, M. C., Rıos, J. L. and Villar, A., 1989. A review of some antimicrobial compounds isolated from medicinal plants reported in the literature 1978–88. Phytotherapy Research, 3:117–125.

Reddy, C. V. K., Sreeramulu, D. and Raghunath, M., 2010. Antioxidant activity of fresh and dry fruits commonly consumed in India. Food Research International, 43(1):285−288.

Reddy, P. S., Jamil, K. and Madhusudhan, P., 2001. Antibacterial activity of isolates from Piper longum and Taxus baccata. Pharmaceutical Biology, 39:236−238.

Rıos, J. L. and Recio, M. C., 2005. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100:80–84.

Selvamohan, T. V., Ramadas, S. and Kishore, S. S., 2012.Antimicrobial activity of selected medicinal plants against some selected human pathogenic bacteria. Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(5):3374−3381.

Senthilkumar, P. and Reetha, D., 2009. Screening of antimicrobial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Phytology,1(3):193−198.

Sieradzki, K., Roberts, R. B. and Haber, S. W., 1999. The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. National Engl Journal of Medicine, 340:517–523.

Silva, N. C. C. and Junior, A. F., 2010. Biological properties of medicinal plants: a review of their antimicrobial activity. Journal of Veno Ani Tox Including Tropical Diseases, 16(3):402−431.

Singh, B., Sahu, P. M., Jain, S. C. and Singh, S., 2002. Antineoplastic and antiviral screening of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium subulatum invivo and in vitro. Pharmaceutical Biology, 40:581−590

Sivastava, J., Lambart, J. and Vietmeyer, T., 1997. Medicinal plants, an expanding role in development word bank technical paper No. 320.

Sohn, H. Y., Son, K. H., Kwon, C. S. and Kang, S. S., 2004. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants: Morusalba L., Morus mongolica Schneider, Broussnetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophora  flavescens Ait and Echinosophora koreensis Nakai. Phytomedicine,11:666–672.

Srinivasan, D., Perumalsamy, L .P., Nathan, S. and Sures, T., 2001. Antimicrobial activity of certain Indian medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmocology, 49:217–222.

Stoilova, S., Gargova, A. and Stoyanova, L. H., 2005. Antimicrobial and Antioxident activity of polyphenol mangiferin. Herba polonica, 51:37−44.

Thippeswamy, B. S., Thakker, S. P., Tubachi, S., Kalyani, G. A., Netra, M. K., Patil, U., Desai, S., Gavimath, C. C. and Veerapur, V. P., 2009. Cardioprotective Effect of Cucumis trigonus Roxb on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rat. American Journal of Pharmacology Toxicology, 4:29−37.

Tosun,  A., Bahadir,  O. and Altanlar,  N., 2006. Antimicrobial activity of some plants used in folk medicine in Turkey.Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3 (3):167−176.

Tshibangu, J. N., Chifundera, R., Kamunsky, A. D. and Wright Konig, G. M., 2002. Screening of African medicinal plants for antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 80:25−35.

Tullanithi, K. M., Sharmila, B. and Gnanendra, T. S., 2010. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn. International Journal of BioTechnology, 1(3):35−38.

Turkoglu, A., Duru, M. E. and Mercan, N., 2007. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Russula delica Fr: An Edidle  wild mushroom. Eurasian Journal of Anal Chemistry,1:54−67.

Turkoglu, A., Duru, M. E., Mercan, N., Kivrak, I. and Gezer, K., 2007. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull) Murrill. Food Chemistry,101: 267−273.

Ulanowska, K., Traczyk, A., Konopa, G. and Wegrzym, G., 2006. Differential antibacterial activity of genistein arising from global inhibition of DND, RNA and protein synthesis in some bacterial strains. Arch. Microbiology, 184(5):271−278.

Vaidya, K. S., Viswanatha, G. L., Ramesh, C., Nandakumar, K. and Srinath, R.,2008. Antimutagenic (anticlastogenic) and antioxidant activities of bark extract of Terminalia arjuna. Journal of Genetic Toxicology, 1:1−7.

Varaprasad, B., Varahalarao, V. and Chendrashekara, K. N., 2009. Mangrove plant Sonneratia apetala antimicrobial activity on selected pathogenic microorganisms. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 25(2):445−447.

Vats, V., Grover, J. K. and Rathi, S. S., 2002. Evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpus marsupium Linn in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79:95–100.

Vieira, F. G. K., Graciele, S., Campelo, B., Cristiane, C., Luciano, V. G., Eduardo, C. N. and Roseane, F., 2009. Activity and contents of polyphenolic antioxidants in the whole fruit, flesh and peel of three apple cultivars. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 59 (1):101−106

Vinod, B., Babasaheb, S., Vrushali, S. and Bharthi, S., 2014. Isolation and purification of alkaloids from medicinal plants by HPLC. International journal of current microbiology and applied Science, 3(1):414−423.

Von, K. H. and Marston, A., 1995. Saponins (Chemistry and Pharmacology of Natural Products) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (engl.).

Wang, X., Zhang, M., Zhao, Y., Wang, H., Liu, T. and Xin. Z., 2013. Pentadecyl ferulate, a potent antioxidant and antiproliferative agent from the halophyte Salicorniaherbacea. Food Chemistry,141(3):2066−2074.

Wannissorn, B., Jarikasem, S., Siriwangchai, T. and Thubthimthed, S., 2005. Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants.Fitoterapia, 76:233–236.

Ya, C., Gaffney, S. H., Lilley, T. H. and Haslam, E., 1988. Carbohydrate-polyphenol complexation. In: Hemingway RW, Karchesy, editors. Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins. New York, N.Y: Plenum press, pp. 553.

Yang, V. W. and Carol, A. Clausen., 2007. Antifungal effect of essential oils on southern yellow pine. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 59:302–306.

Yaouba, A. L. N., Tatsadjieu, P. M. D., Jazet, X. F. E. and Mbofung, C. M., 2010. Antifungalproperties of essential oils and some constituents to reduce food borne pathogen. Journal of yeast and fungal research, 1(1):01−08.

Yogesh, M. and Mohan, S. S.,2007. Screening of plants for their potential antibacterial activity. National Product Radiance, 6 (4):301−305.

Zhang, L., Liu, W., Hu T Du, L Luo C, Chen K, Shen, X. and Jiang, H., 2008. Structural basis for catalytic and inhibitory mechanisms of β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabZ). Journal of Biology, 283:5370–5379.

Zhang, S. L., Yeromin, A. V., Zhang, X. H., Safrina Yu Y, O.,  Penna, A., Roos, J., Stauderman, K. A. and Cahalan, M. D., 2006. Genome-wide RNAi screen of Ca(2+) influx identifies genes that regulate Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) channel activity.  Proceedings of Natlional Academy of Science U.S.A, 103(24):9357−9362.

Zhao, M., Yang, B., Wang, J. S., Li, B. Z. and Jiang., 2007. Y.M. Identification of the major flavonoids from pericarp tissues of lychee fruit in relation to their antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry,98:737−742

Prashant, A., & Mehta, J. P. (2017). A review on antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of traditionally used Himalayan medicinal plants. Environment Conservation Journal18(1/2), 49-62.

:https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2017.181207

Received: 15.11.2016

Revised: 20.01.2017

Accepted: 25.03.2017

First Online: 15.06. 2017

:https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2017.181207

MANUSCRIPT STATISTICS

Publisher Name:  Action for Sustainable Efficacious Development and Awareness (ASEA)

Print : 0972-3099           

Online :2278-5124